I'm not sure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

I'm not sure - Essay Example He explained Laozi’s thoughts through concrete instances from history, people’s life, and also from his surroundings. But most often, Zhuangzi’s elucidations appear most complex and complicated. Sometimes, they become diverted the mainstream of Daoism and tend to appear as an individual philosophic strand. The most remarkable difference between the two is how they view ‘Tao’ or the Way. Both of them believe that the Way is beyond human perception and conception. In this regard, both of them are realists. But Zhuangzi’s approach to Tao or the Way is more applicable to human life than Laozi’s. That is, Laozi is more metaphysical than Zhuangzi. Since Laozi’s philosophy fails to dispel the transcendence of the Way or Tao, his teachings do not care much about human life as Zhuangzi’s teachings do. In this regard, it can be said that Zhuangzi’s ‘Daoism’ is superior to Laozi’s. Both Laozi and Zhuangzi acknowledge the ‘Dao’ as a transcendental existence which contains the whole universe. In Laozi’s word, â€Å"The Great Tao flows everywhere../All things depend on it for life,/and it does not turn away from them./ One may think of it as the mother of all beneath Heaven./ We do not know its name, but we call it Tao ...† (Ivanhoe & Norden 165). It is nameless and formless and it exists everywhere. Yet nothing in this universe can be construed as the ‘Dao’. It is eternal and it is not knowledgeable. Rather it is beyond human perception as well as human language. The problem of human language is that it is not sufficient enough to describe it. It exists, but it cannot be described, as Laozi says, â€Å"The Tao that can be told of is not the eternal Tao;/ the name that can be named is not the eternal name† (Ivanhoe & Norden 165). Laozi further describes it, â€Å"There is a thing, formless yet complete./ Before heav en and earth it existed. /Without sound, without

The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles Essay Example for Free

The Adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles Essay The non-internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles consists of hybrid electric vehicles (HEV), plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV), single-fuel all electric vehicles (EV), and fuel cell vehicles (FCV). Earlier attempts at non-ICE vehicles were faced with many challenges resulting in abandonment of research and development. General Motors (GM) discontinued the EV1 electric vehicle after investing about $1 billion in the development. The Toyota RAV 4-EV, which was popular among environmentalist, was discontinued based on sales not high enough to justify production costs. The attention that non-ICE vehicles are receiving is driven by environmental concerns, scarcity of fossil fuel, high gasoline prices and others. The environmental concerns stems from the pollution from carbon dioxide emitted from the combustion of fossil fuels. In 2009, the United States used 19. 6% of the world primary energy consumption and 17. 7% of world carbon dioxide emissions from energy consumption ranking first and second respectively. There is a correlation between the carbon dioxide concentration and the earth’s surface temperature. There is a general increase in global temperature with increasing atmospheric carbon dioxide. The high initial cost of the non-ICE vehicles as compared to ICE versions is also an issue. The cost differential is mainly due to the technology, with battery being a major cost driver. For example, in 2009 the cost of Toyota Camry HEV was $26,160 whiles the cost of a comparable ICE version was $20,445. The price of gasoline in the U. S. is relatively cheap, thus affecting the adoption of the non-ICE vehicles. In 2008, the average retail price of gasoline in the U. S. was $3. 25 per gallon, with 14% as tax component. In the same year, the average price of gasoline in the UK, Germany, and France were $7. 53, $7. 72, and $7. 53 with tax components of 161%, 170%, and 154% respectively. The movement from ICE powered vehicles to the non-ICE powered vehicles was due to signs of oil shortages and air quality concerns. The government responded with the Clean Air Act in 1970 requiring cars to have catalytic converters to reduce pollutants. Other government intervention placing restriction on vehicle emission standards forced the industry to launch research and development projects in battery powered electric vehicles. There are four major non- ICE design concepts, which are as follows: ? ? ? ? HEV, the use of on board electricity and gasoline to move the vehicle PHEV, the use of on board electricity and gasoline to move the vehicle and also ability to plug into an external power outlet to recharge the battery. EV, the use of only electricity to move the vehicle and also ability to plug into an external power outlet to recharge the battery. FCV, the use stacks of electrodes and electrolytes that generates electricity to move vehicle Page 1 of 2 The non-ICE vehicle market has gone through rough times in shaping the current, HEV, PHEV, EV, and FCVs. The HEV, PHEV, and EV are different products but share some commonality by way of infrastructural needs. However, FCVs appear to have a lower rate for adoption due to cost involved in providing the necessary infrastructure. The approximate cost of providing installed fuel station for the FCV is $50,000. The comparable cost for the electric plug-in station is $3,000 to $6,000. Automobile companies need to continue investing in research and development in the non-ICE vehicles. It is their interest to improve fuel efficiency well above the standards set by government imposed Corporate Average Fuel Economy (CAFE) standards. A particular attention to improving the range of the vehicle is required. The range of the vehicle is the distance of travel per charge and or full tank of gas. The miles per gallon (MPG) is another attribute which is interrelated to the range. The sales figures provided shows that in November 2009, Toyota Prius had 49. 7% of the total 19,334 HEVs sold in the US. Toyota Prius also happen to be the HEV with the highest miles per gallon (MPG) rating at 50. This clearly indicates that the mileage rating is an important attribute of the HEV. Consider reducing the cost premium on the vehicles and articulating the long-term savings in non-ICE vehicle ownership. The survey response regarding the likelihood of buying a PHEV with fuel savings of 75% shows a steep decline in chances of buying with increasing cost premium. Develop vehicle for specific driving need by providing different cost options, guided by customer segmentation by driving mission. The high cost of the initial purchase will be addressed by focusing on providing options due to driving needs of the customer. This can be addressed by having different range points which will typically imply reducing the battery packs in the vehicle. Therefore, the price per vehicle can be reduced per specific need. The FCV appears to have a very low possibility of success, hence its research and investment funds will be reallocated. Partner with government, competitors, and other stakeholders to develop the infrastructure to support main stream adoption. The major cost driver to the non-ICE vehicles is the battery. Therefore by scaling down the cost by driving needs, a prospect with a shorter commute distance can opt for a less costly version of a model with just the right mix. With 2. 28 vehicles per household in the US, it expected that household will consider having a non-ICE vehicle in the mix for shorter commute and errands. To discontinue non-promising project will free up human resource and money to be used to improve other investments. The freed up resource will support an increase in marketing related plan and implementation. Together with other government and other stakeholders, incentives will be sought to encourage non-ICE adoption by citing environmental challenges to the country in specific and the earth in general. These strategies overall will improve early the adoption of Electrically Powered Vehicles in the U. S.

The Next Generation Of Recycling Bins English Language Essay

The Next Generation Of Recycling Bins English Language Essay For many years people have practiced recycling. In old times, where resources were less abundant than today, people would be more conscious about reducing, reusing and recycling. On the other hand, people nowadays dont even bother to stop and think about what is going to happen once all raw materials on Earth are gone. They dont realize that once it is all used up, there will be no way to get some more anywhere else. What happens when people dont recycle is that all the recyclable products that are thrown away go straight into landfills altogether with other waste, and then it is all eventually lost. There is, however, a small part of the population who does contribute to the recycling process, but it is just a minority, the other part of the population either doesnt realize the significance of recycling or they just dont care. This small minority that helps recycling things includes some companies and important people. They have been trying to get more and more people involved in the recycling process. Even channels for children have created projects to motivate kids and teach them about the significance of recycling. For example, Disney Channel has its own project called Friends For Change, where they have the main goal of teaching kids how to help and care about the planet. That is very important because kids will grow up to be more conscious about the environment. On the other hand, older people are more complicated to convince or persuade that recycling is very important. Simple things have been created in order to help people recycle and motivate them to do it in their own houses, so they dont even have to go anywhere else to recycle because these recycling containers can be place in their kitchen or anywhere they want. There are many different designs with lots of different features. These bins have diverse purposes depending on what people are looking for. There are certain containers that include two compartments, one for recyclable products and the other one for other wastes. Other bins contain different compartments labeled so that each recyclable material can be placed on separate places. Some have pedals, so people dont have to use their hands to open up the trashcan; others have sensors so that the lid opens up automatically. Even though the containers sound like a great deal, it might not be that good of a deal because people have been complaining about the containers being too small, or too expensive, or too fragile and easily broken. A solution to this problem is to design and create a new improved container that will be made of stainless steel to make it more resistant and durable, that will contain larger compartments to place the trash or recyclable items, that will include an infrared sensor lid opener, and that will have a longer warranty period. Today in the United States, Americans use over 80,000,000,000 aluminum soda cans every year. At one time, aluminum was more expensive than gold. Thats not even including the 50 billion disposable plastic water bottles Americans use a year. That makes up almost 20% of the composition in an average dump. Bottles and cans are some of the easiest items to recycle but yet Americans still have trouble recycling them. Call it laziness or ignorance about the subject, but there should be more efficient advances to allow recycling bottles and cans easier for Americans. Most raw materials are resources that cannot be created or formed by human beings. That means the amount of these raw materials that exist in the planet are limited, and once they are used up completely by people, there is no way to produce more. This is why it is so important to think wisely when it comes to recycling or just throwing away valuable materials into the trash. For many years, it has been difficult to educate peopl e the significance of recycling, and these attempts have been unsuccessful because only a minority of the population has been contributing to the recycling process. The lack of care for the environment is just going to turn the world into a huge landfill. America has always been the place where everyone wants to come and live, but with statistics such as these soon there wont be anything but landfills. With that said, saving the environment should be a very important objective for Americans. Technology today is extremely advanced, yet there isnt any technological advance to sort out bottles and cans more efficiently. The recycling process in America today offers each household a pair of recycling bins to recycle plastics/glass bottles, empty soda cans, and other containers that are later recycled after a long process of separating wastes according to their composition. Every week, workers pick up these bins and take them back to the facility to sort the items in the bins, but the bottles and cans that are thrown in the trash by people, do not get recycled. These recyclable items make it to the landfills and take up valuable space that could be used for other waste. Most public places such as schools and shopping malls today have designated trash bins for glass/plastic bottles and aluminum cans, which really help the process of recycling. Yet people still dont always place those recyclable bottles and cans into those bins and they dont get recycled. In order to help the consumers recycle more efficiently, different types of containers for recyclable items have been developed. These developments make recycling much more convenient and assessable for the consumer. The consumers dont even have to leave their homes in order to recycle; it is just a matter of buying one of those containers. The problem is that some are expensive, some are very fragile and therefore easily broken, and some are just too small. More people in the world would recycle if only these recycling containers were built more for the consumers everyday use. Recycling is already a difficult task for many, so when a company produces a recycling device, it absolutely has to be exceptional. If not it would definitely discourage people from recycling. A simple example is the Neu Home 16-Gallon 2-Section Recycle Bin, which is a two-compartment recycle bin that holds 16 gallons/60 liters (8 gallons per compartment). It is made of stainless steel with plastic pullout buckets. It has a 30-day warranty and it is sold for $96.54. According to customer reviews, it is too expensive and not resistant at all, it is easily dented, and it is too small. The Plastic/Aluminum Recycling Center is another example. This container has superior quality, it is durable and it has unique disposal openings with recycle symbols and product labeling for clearly identification. It separates and stores recycling/trash material for easy removal and lower maintenance. It has a 55-gallon capacity (each compartment has a 27.5-gallon liner). It is sold for $240 plus $95 for shipping. Even though it is a good container and it seems resistant, the price is too high; therefore, people wont buy something that expensive. There are no reviews available for that contain er. Another example and one of the more advanced bins that there is for sale is the iTouchless 16 Gallon Recycling Containers with Infrared-Sensor Lid Openers, which holds 16 gallons/60 liters total and comes with two 8-gallon inner plastic buckets, one for trash and the other one for recycle. It works using the latest sensor technology, lid opens automatically and it remains open when your hands are 6 from the sensor. It brings open/close buttons for manual operation. It runs on 4 D-size batteries or optional AC-power adaptor. It has a 1-year manufacturers warranty and it is sold for $89.98. According to customer reviews, it is too fragile and easily broken because the lid is made of plastic, and the containers are small. In order to solve the problem of recycling and the containers, all of those models mentioned above should be improved by developing a new container that contains some of the pros of those already existing containers, and of course getting rid of the cons. First of all, the container cannot be made of plastic because it will be too fragile and it would probably break. It will have to be made of stainless steel bolts and hinges to make sure it is more resistant. The design can still have two buckets to store recyclable items, but instead of being capable of holding only 8 gallons per compartment, it will be made bigger so that it can hold at least 12 gallons per bucket (it cannot be made too big either because then it wont be feasible). The pedal mechanism can be removed because it can be easily damage or broken, so instead, the infrared-sensor will be kept so that it can open automatically. Each compartment will be properly labeled in order to identify where the trash and where the re cyclable items have to be placed. The device will work using the 4 D-size batteries or the optional AC-power adaptor. The container will have to include at least a 1-year warranty and an optional extended warranty. Ultimately our goal is to encourage recycling by developing this new and improved recycling container. By improving these recycling containers and developing one that is more efficient, people will be more motivated to purchase this type of recycling bins to recycle in their own homes. When people read bad reviews about products, they are less likely to buy it than when they read good comments about the product. Its just natural to not want to purchase a product that other consumers have negative encounters with. If the product is developed well, consumers get motivated in purchasing the improved container and in turn will start recycling more and fewer materials would be wasted. This would also reduced the size of the landfills and ultimately keep America a cleaner place. As a result, the benefits would not be only for people, but also for our environment because it would make the recycling process more effective. Feasibility Our idea to make a more productive and efficient recycling bin will be a feasible idea once we explain our reasoning in the following paragraph. For the already existing products we have described earlier in this essay, we will take the pros from those and what consumers have reviewed as best qualities about those recycling bins, and we will make something that is efficient in many areas that existing products lack. One of the problems with already existing models is the size and weight of the recycling bin. Our newly designed model will be made with high quality stainless steel, in a 12-gallon container, which will hold two compartments. The dimensions of this product will be approximately 36x 34.5 x 21.75 and it will weigh around 24 lbs; which will make it easier to handle. As for materials, most of the bin will be made from stainless steel as mentioned before and other features will include infrared-sensor. No plastic will be used because it has already been known to be too fragile and consumers were not happy with it. The cost of our product will be competitive with existing models. The cost of manufacturing the bin will be $92.50 and it will be sold on the market for $100.90. As for the installation of the product, the recycling bin will come already built in the box and all that will be needed to do is unwrap the packaging, install batteries or connect to AC power, and place in desired location for best accessibility. For best customer satisfaction, we have also decided to include one-year product warranty, therefore if there are any malfunctions the product will be fixed at no charge or replaced fully if needed. In addition, we will require consumers to take necessary measures to keep the recycle bin clean, especially around the infrared sensor area so it continues to work properly for years to come. It will also guarantee that if product is bought with battery power that it does not waste battery energy and will continue to work with one set of battery for at least one year, this in the long run will save the consumer expenses. This modern and advanced recycle bin will be best suited for an everyday household, where parents can also encourage and teach kids the importance of recycling. Given that the bin is sensory powered it will be easier for younger kids and for the elderly to operate the product since no foot-pedal mechanism is required, and will have a tightly shut lid that releases no odor and will work very silently to not be distracting. Conclusion Recycling saves the planet in many ways, for example, it reduces the amount of waste that is placed in the landfills, and therefore it lowers the pollution that those landfills create. Also, it reduces the amount of energy that it is used because it takes more energy to process new materials than already used materials. This is why recycling is so important and it is necessary that people start being conscious about our environment. They have to get used to the fact that everybody must start recycling if they want to conserve the planet. Thats why devices such as recycle/trash containers have been created, so that people can have the commodity of recycling in their own houses. As it was already mentioned, this containers need to be improved in order to satisfy peoples needs and that way more people will be motivated to buy this type of product for their homes. They need to be made resistant, durable, bigger, and they need to keep the advanced features as the infrared sensors so that it will automatically open. Future improvements with more technological advances could also be made to improve the recycling container. Even new types of containers can be developed. For example, in the future, it might be possible to develop a container that is able to automatically separate plastics from metals. It could have a metal detector so when it detects metal it places cans to one side and then when it doesnt detect metals, it can place plastics to the other side. Of course, it would only work by placing one item at a time. Another future improvement would be a container that is able to recognize recyclable from non-recyclable items, so that it would place regular trash in one side and recyclable products in another side. That would be even more complicated and it might not be feasible, but it would definitely help the recycling process because people wouldnt even have to place stuff in different compartments, just one compartment and the container would do the job of sorting the items out. People have already being working on designing new prototypes that are much more advanced and that have been made using the latest technology. Obviously, these devices are not for sale because they would be extremely expensive, so they are just prototypes for now. An example of one of these sophisticated devices is the Barcode Recycle Station, in which there are four bins, one for each type of recyclable material. When you scan an unknown item, the appropriate container will open up automatically. This prototype is an illustration that clearly shows that it is possible to make big improvements using the more advanced technology in order to develop better containers to help and motivate people to recycle. With new technological advances every day, it is likely that someday more efficient and affordable recyclable containers will be developed, allowing the standard recycling bins of today to be revolutionized to be capable of separating bottles from cans and recyclable products from tr ash that are being thrown into a bin. The use of stainless steel bolts and hinges instead of plastic, a larger compartment to store items, and a longer warranty for the recycling container would improve Americans mentality on recycling. These simple improvements to the trash bin would make America a much more efficient and environmentally friendly place to live.

Alarming Side Effects of Artificial Sweeteners Essay -- Exploratory Es

Alarming Side Effects of Artificial Sweeteners NutraSweet, Equal, Spoonful, and Equal-Measure are all brand names for aspartame, a low calorie sugar substitute used in more than 90 countries to sweeten foods and beverages. Aspartame is a synthetic chemical that is created through the combination of the amino acids phenylalanine and aspartic acid, and a small amount of methanol. Aspartame can be found in several products, such as soft drinks, over-the counter drugs, vitamin and herb supplements, instant breakfasts, candy, breath mints, cereals, sugar-free chewing gum, coffee, juice, and tea beverages, tabletop sweeteners, and gelatin desserts. This product may have seemed like a dream come true when it was first invented in 1981 because its use can substantially lower the number of calories in food and beverage products by substituting the place of sugar. Despite its desirable qualities, the use of aspartame has been controversial since its creation due to its negative side effects that have been linked to the use of the chemica lly produced sugar. Due to the ever increasing use of aspartame, researchers have discovered that aspartame has been closely associated with the function of the brain. In the human brain, there is a blood-brain barrier that acts as a system of specialized capillary structures that are designed to prevent toxic substances from entering the brain. Prior to birth and during the first 12 months of life, the blood-brain barrier is incomplete. The protective enzymes in a baby’s brain are still immature, and therefore are unable to effectively detoxify the excitotoxins, toxins that bind to certain receptors and may cause neuronal cell death when they enter the brain. This would mean that in the case o... ...t pain, headaches, equilibrium problems and manic depression. The Desert Storm incident proved that aspartame is indeed harmful when consumed in excess or when consumed in general. Overall, the consumption of aspartame is not so beneficial. The chemical component of aspartame may be broken down to chemical substances that are potentially harmful and may lead to symptoms such as headaches, vision impairment, hearing loss, memory loss, fatigue, dizziness, and eventually brain tumors. The sweetener may have been developed to lower the amount of calories and be a sugar substitute, but its creation has only produced medical attention. The consumption of aspartame should be limited or not be consumed at all in order to prevent symptoms from occurring. The creation of aspartame may not be so sweet after all. References: www.dorway.com www.webMd.com

Intro †chief guest Essay

It is indeed an honor and privilege for me to introduce to you our Guest of Honor. He brings in the vigor and idealism of youth which we believe are essential to infuse new ideas and transparency in every aspect of life . His experience and credentials is just tremendous! He has a doctorate in (Economics), from the prestigious Harvard University under Nobel Laureate Simon Kuznets, and has held various positions too . To mention a few he *was an assistant/ associate professor at Harvard university. *Faculty Summer School, Harvard University . * Visiting Scholar and Professor, Department of Economics, Harvard University. When he was associate professor, he was invited by Nobel Laureate Amartya Sen for a reader’s chair on Chinese studies at Delhi School of Economics. Thereafter he became the *Visiting Professor of Economics, Delhi School of Economics, University of Delhi Later ,he became the Professor of Economics, Indian Institute of Technology,Delhi He has been the backbone for the Indian Government serving at various Positions : Assistant Economics Affairs Officer, United Nations Secretariat, New York. * Member of Parliament * Member, Board of Governors, Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi * Member, Control of Capital Issues Committee, Ministry of Finance. * Member, Court of Benares Hindu University (1974) and Santiniketan (1982-84). * Member, Council of IITs, Govt. of India *Cabinet Minister of Commerce, Law and Justice,1990-91. * Chairman : Commission of Labour Standards and International Trade,Government of India. He is Currently the President of Janata Party . *Chairman, Centre for National Renaissance, New Delhi *Chairman, Board of Governors , School of Communications and Management Sciences (SCMS) , kerala. He has authored many Books among which * Economic Planning in India – An Alternative Approach * Economic Growth of China and India, * Building a New India: An Agenda for Renaissance, * India’s Labour Standards and the WTO Framework. * The Assassination of Rajiv Gandhi – Unanswered Questions and Unasked Queries * South Asia in the New Millennium * India’s China Perspective *Economic Reforms and Performance in China and India * Hindus Under Siege: The Way Out *Rama Setu: Symbol of National Unity *Terrorism in India: A Strategy of Deterrence * Corruption and Corporate Governance in India: Satyam, Spectrum, Sundaram * The Foundations of Index Number Theory. Have been very successful.  He has also published several articles and research paper some of which are Can India make it? India’s path to sustained growth , Economic growth and income distribution in a developing nation , Nuclear policy for India, Plan for full employment. He brings to us not only his invaluable experience and academic training but a lineage of brave , innovative , and forward looking forebears.

Ukrainian Language and Culture

Every day we use, transmit and sometimes learn both language and culture. We are most likely oblivious to it, but our language is inevitably influenced by the culture we live in – e. . the way we are taught to treat people and speak are connected. We are also most likely to have the same traditions and customs as the people speaking the same language. In this essay I will briefly define language and culture and present some examples of the influence on each other from my own Ukrainian culture. What is culture? Found in Oxford Dictionary Online, culture means â€Å"the customs, arts, social institutions, and achievements of a particular nation, people, or other social group†¦ † The word itself comes from the Latin word cultura – meaning growing, cultivation.Edward Tylor (1871) summarized it the following way: Culture †¦ is that complex whole which includes knowledge, belief, art, law, morals, custom, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society. We practice what we learn throughout life and transmit to our children what we have been taught – the basic behaviour, such as greeting, table manners and dressing but inevitably also traditions, such as birthday and Christmas celebration. Without investigating we know that this type of behaviour was taught and found in many generations before us, and will be long after we die.The culture – the way we do things – is transgenerational – it continues beyond lifetimes (Rosman&Rubel 2001). Neither does culture stand still – it changes and develops over time (Ferraro, 1998). What is language? Language, or speech, is the primary human communication tool which conveys ideas, transfers messages and makes people interact. Apart from the verbal communication we find the other two – written and non-verbal (body language). Languages are made out of devises like grammar, syntax, phonemes and mordhenics (Ferraro, 1998). Language is also one of the things that differs us from animals (Rosman&Rubel 2001).Just the same way as we experience and practice culture, we do with language. The dictionary definition of the word is â€Å"1. the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured way 2. †¦ used by a particular country or community† (Oxford Dictionaries Online, 2012). Here it is evident that language is, apart from being a body of words and systems and speech, tightly connected to a specific group of people and consequently a culture. How does language influence culture and vice versa?Based on the information above, we see a very clear pattern – the ways humans speak and behave are connected. Language is the tool through which cultural ideas can be conveyed, transmitted and kept, and â€Å"when a group begins to lose its language, its cultural tapestry begins to unravel† (Rosman&Rubel, 2001, pp. 41). Som examples of language and c ulture going hand in hand, can be found in my Ukrainian culture: In addition to your name, you also carry a middle name – a patronymic. According to Oxford Online Dictionary, it is â€Å"a name derived from the name of a father or ancestor, typically by the addition of a prefix or suffix†.For instance, my full name is Anastasia Oleksandrivna Semenova. My fathers name is Oleksandr and being a female, the ending is -ivna. Males’ endings are typically -ov or -ich. Culturally this links the father being highly honored in the typical Ukrainian family – he is the head of the house and the provider. The patronymic is kept for life. This is also essential when addressing to eachother. In everyday life people typically use the first name and the fathers name, if not being family or very close friends, e. g. Anastasia Oleksandrivna. When addressing someone formally, different types of ‘you’ is used – e. . a friend would be addressed as â€Å"ty † () but a teacher, a boss or, in a childs case, everyone that is older would be addressed as â€Å"vy† (). Showing respect this way is a strict rule, but is a habit since it is taught from infancy. Culturally, this links with the politeness taught from a very young age – to respect the older, non-familiar and higher-educated people than you. Changing the â€Å"vy† to â€Å"ty† is a sign of entering into the friend circle. Conclusion The broad term culture includes behaviour, customs, traditions, cuisine, law and morals of a specific group of people.It is taught, transmitted, transgenerational and changed over time. Language is the primary tool of interaction and communication of man. It is shared by a community or a group of people and is tightly connected to the culture of the group – by language culture is taught and transmitted. The Ukrainian culture values and teaches respect when addressing one another. Two good examples are the use of patronymics as a middle name (links to high position of the father) and a formal and informal ‘you’ (links to respect toward older and unfamiliar people). Bibliography&references